1930-1935 NYC: Resilience, Character & Innovation in The Great Depression Era

Timeline of New York City: 1930-1935

1930: New York City's total population was recorded at 6,930,446, making it the largest city in the United States at the time. The population distribution across its five boroughs was markedly uneven, showcasing the diverse density and development patterns of the city. Brooklyn led with 2,560,401 residents, confirming its status as the most populous borough. Manhattan followed with 1,867,312 people, reflecting its role as the city's economic and administrative heart. The Bronx had a significant population growth, housing 1,265,258 individuals, while Queens, with its more suburban layout, reported 1,079,129 residents. Staten Island, the least populous and more rural at the time, had 158,346 inhabitants.

These population figures highlight the varied urban landscape of New York City during the early 20th century, with each borough developing its distinct character and demographic makeup. The city's overall growth by 1930 underscores its magnetic appeal and the massive urban migration trends of that era, fueled by both domestic and international movements. As a major hub of commerce, culture, and immigration, New York City continued to evolve, with its extensive infrastructure and housing developments trying to keep pace with the increasing population demands. This period marked a significant chapter in the city's long history of being a melting pot and a beacon for seekers of opportunity.

1930: 40 Wall Street, also known as the Trump Building, officially opened to the public on May 26, and was originally constructed as the headquarters for the Manhattan Company established in 1799. Designed by H. Craig Severance, along with Yasuo Matsui and the architectural firm Shreve & Lamb, the building was completed during the height of the skyscraper race in New York City, which took place in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Standing at a height of 927 feet, this neo-Gothic skyscraper is located in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City, between Nassau and William Streets. Originally serving as the site for the Manhattan Company, the second bank in competition with Alexander Hamilton and established by Aaron Burr, 40 Wall Street has a rich history tied to the early financial enterprises of New York City.

The site transitioned from its initial use by the Manhattan Company to become one of the prominent skyscrapers in New York, reflecting the American spirit of ambition and growth during that era. On December 12, 1995, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated it as a city landmark, acknowledging its role in the city’s skyscraper race. Furthermore, on June 16, 2000, 40 Wall Street was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 2007, it was recognized as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District. This recognition underscores its ongoing relevance in the architectural and historical narrative of New York City.

1930: On August 6, Joseph Force Crater, a New York Supreme Court Justice, mysteriously disappeared near Times Square, marking the onset of one of the most famous missing person cases in American history. Born on January 5, 1889, in Easton, Pennsylvania, Crater had ascended the legal ranks to secure his appointment by Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt in April 1930. His vanishing came shortly after the commencement of a significant investigation into corruption within New York City, igniting widespread speculation and intrigue about his fate. Despite decades of extensive searches and media coverage, Crater's case remains unsolved, entrenched as a captivating unsolved mystery.

Crater was last observed on the evening of his disappearance, dining with a lawyer friend and a showgirl at a Manhattan chophouse. Earlier that same day, he was seen transferring large sums of money and destroying documents, which fueled various theories about his abrupt disappearance. He was officially declared legally dead on June 6, 1939. Over the years, many theories have been proposed regarding his fate, ranging from murder to starting a new life under a different identity. One particularly intriguing claim surfaced in 2005 from a note left by a deceased woman, alleging her husband and others, including a police officer, murdered Crater and buried him beneath the Coney Island boardwalk, an area later disturbed during the 1950s for the construction of the New York Aquarium. Although these claims added a layer of mystery and grim speculation to Crater's story, they have never been confirmed.

1930: Temple Emanu-El, one of the largest synagogues in the world, is located at the intersection of 65th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan’s Upper East Side. This architectural marvel, accommodating 2,500 worshippers, was constructed on the historic site of the Mrs. William B. Astor House between 1928 and 1929. Designed by Robert D. Kohn, the building showcases an eclectic mix of Romanesque Revival and Moorish Revival styles with Art Deco ornamentation, highlighted by intricate mosaics created by Hildreth Meière. The synagogue was officially consecrated, marking a significant milestone in the cultural and spiritual landscape of New York City.

Further enriching its historical significance, Temple Emanu-El houses a museum that features a vast collection of over 650 items, spanning from the 14th century to the present day. The collection is broadly categorized into the History of Emanu-El and Judaica, offering insights through special exhibitions, lectures, and tours. This institution not only serves as a place of worship but also as a center for educational and cultural enrichment, reflecting the progressive spirit and the historical journey of its congregation. This storied synagogue was designated a New York City landmark, firmly establishing its role as a key religious and cultural institution in the city.

1930: The Riverdale–Spuyten Duyvil–Kingsbridge Memorial Bell Tower, also known as the Riverdale Monument, is a notable memorial located in Bell Tower Park in the Riverdale area of the Bronx, New York. Officially opened on September 17, this memorial was constructed to honor World War I veterans from the local neighborhoods of Riverdale, Spuyten Duyvil, and Kingsbridge. The monument, standing 50 feet tall and 17.5 feet wide, is crafted from fieldstone and Indiana limestone, weighing an estimated 500 tons. It features a historic 1762 Spanish bell, originally made for a Mexican monastery and captured during the Mexican War by General Winfield Scott. Before its installation in the tower, the bell was housed in the Jefferson Market and a Riverdale firehouse.

In 1936, the memorial was relocated 700 feet south to accommodate the construction of the Henry Hudson Parkway, near which it currently stands. This move was part of broader adjustments to the area's landscape to make way for the new parkway. On January 3, 2012, the Riverdale Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, affirming its historical significance and ensuring its preservation. The attached plaque lists the names of the local residents who served in World War I, providing a personal touch to the memorial and a direct connection to the community's past contributions and sacrifices.

1930: Riverside Church, an interdenominational and interracial landmark, was completed on October 5, in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Conceived by John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Baptist minister Harry Emerson Fosdick, the church is closely associated with both the American Baptist Churches USA and the United Church of Christ. Architecturally crafted by Henry C. Pelton along with Allen & Collens, the Neo-Gothic structure includes a nave, chancel, a 392-foot tower, and a 74-bell carillon, the world’s heaviest, dedicated to Rockefeller’s mother, Laura Spelman Rockefeller. A significant addition, the Martin Luther King Jr. wing, was constructed in 1959, enhancing the church’s footprint and social outreach.

The church’s foundation and ongoing operations have been significantly influenced by the Rockefeller family, beginning with William Rockefeller in the late 19th century, who supported the Mulberry Street Baptist Church. This church evolved through several locations before settling at Fifth Avenue and 46th Street in the 1860s. Cornelius Woelfkin, a later minister, led the church in a modernist direction from 1912 until the early 1920s. The church relocated to Park Avenue in 1922, after John D. Rockefeller Jr. contributed significantly to the funding. Riverside Church was designated as a New York City landmark in 2000 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012, marking it as a beacon of social justice and progressive ideology in the heart of New York City.

1930: 740 Park Avenue, one of New York City's most prestigious co-op buildings, was constructed in 1929 and officially opened in October. Designed by Rosario Candela and Arthur Loomis Harmon, the building is located in the Lenox Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, between East 71st and 72nd Streets. Initially planned as a cooperative, the onset of the Great Depression necessitated its conversion to rentals due to the challenges in selling the large, luxurious units. By 1952, the building was reestablished as a co-op by John D. Rockefeller Jr., who purchased and sold the units back to the tenants, reinstating its co-op status. This building is often referred to as the "Tower of Power," symbolizing the pinnacle of New York's social elite.

Over the decades, 740 Park Avenue has housed many prominent figures, including Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, who lived there as Jacqueline Bouvier during her childhood. The building's reputation for exclusivity has been maintained through stringent admission requirements, with potential residents needing a liquid net worth of at least $100 million. Notably, the French government bought an 18-room duplex in this building in 1979, used as their United Nations ambassador's residence until its sale in 2014 for $70 million. The building has been the subject of several publications and documentaries, highlighting its status as a residential enclave for America's richest individuals.

1930: The Miller Highway, also known as the West Side Elevated Highway, was officially opened to the public on November 13. This pioneering structure, stretching from Canal to 22nd Streets, was recognized as the first overhead vehicular road in the United States. The highway was conceived and promoted by Julius Miller, who was the Manhattan borough president in the 1920s. Designed to segregate car traffic from industrial activities, the highway featured six lanes supported by steel columns and was noted for its Art Deco ornamentation. However, it was primarily built for cars and not for trucks, which later contributed to its navigation difficulties due to its narrow ramps and sharp curves.

As the years progressed, the Miller Highway experienced significant deterioration, compounded by inadequate maintenance and increasing traffic demands. This led to the development of the Westway project in the 1970s, an ambitious urban renewal plan intended to replace the crumbling infrastructure with a modern highway integrated into a larger waterfront development. Despite gaining support from President Ronald Reagan, who during a 1980 campaign stop criticized the bureaucratic delays and highlighted the project's economic potential, the Westway faced strong opposition from environmental advocates and urban planners. Concerns over its environmental impact and disputes over urban development strategies eventually led to the project's cancellation in the mid-1980s, marking the end of one of New York City's most contentious infrastructure battles.

1930: Robert Moses chaired the New York Park Association's Metropolitan Conference on Parks, which played a pivotal role in shaping the future of New York City's park system. During his tenure, Moses orchestrated the planning and execution of expansive green spaces and recreation areas across the city. The conference issued a critical report that year advocating for the immediate acquisition of thousands of acres of the city's last remaining natural areas. This was a strategic move to preserve open spaces amidst rapid urban development and to enhance the quality of life for city dwellers.

Furthermore, to address the burgeoning traffic issues of the time, the report recommended the construction of a comprehensive system of parkways. This included proposals for major thoroughfares such as the Belt, Grand Central, Cross Island, and Henry Hudson Parkways, which were envisioned to facilitate smoother traffic flow and connect various parts of the city more efficiently. Moses' influence extended well beyond parks, as he also supervised the construction of 35 highways, 12 bridges, and reclaimed miles of waterfront for public use, fundamentally transforming New York City's landscape and urban environment. His projects during the 1930s laid the groundwork for much of the city’s modern infrastructure.

1930: 1040 Fifth Avenue opens, an iconic 17-story limestone-clad apartment building, stands as one of the most distinguished structures on New York City's Fifth Avenue. The building was designed by Rosario Candela, a leading architect renowned for his influence on luxury residential designs during the late 1920s and early 1930s. The elegant co-op comprises only 27 apartments, ensuring exclusivity and privacy for its residents. Known for its striking roofline, which adds a unique silhouette to the city's skyline, 1040 Fifth Avenue has housed many notable residents over the years, including the late Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, adding to its historical and cultural significance.

Strategically located on the Upper East Side, this prestigious address offers unparalleled views of Central Park and its reservoir. Residents benefit from immediate proximity to some of New York's most famous cultural institutions such as The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Guggenheim Museum, The Frick Collection, and The Whitney Museum, along with access to the upscale shops and galleries of Madison Avenue. The building provides luxury amenities including a full-time doorman and concierge service, enhancing the living experience in one of Manhattan’s most sought-after locations. This combination of architectural elegance, historical significance, and prime location makes 1040 Fifth Avenue a landmark of luxury urban living.

1930: El Quijote, founded and officially recognized as the oldest Spanish restaurant in New York City, holds this title particularly after the closure of El Faro Restaurant in 2012. Situated at 226 West 23rd Street in Manhattan, within the Hotel Chelsea, El Quijote started as a part of Little Spain on 14th Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues. Throughout its history, the restaurant has been famed for its distinctive kitsch decor, which features wall murals and statues inspired by Miguel de Cervantes’ "Don Quixote." Known for serving generous portions of traditional Spanish dishes such as chorizo, paella, and garlic shrimp, along with unique offerings like lobster in green sauce, the restaurant has been a culinary staple in the city for nearly a century.

In its illustrious past, El Quijote was a favored haunt of notable personalities including Andy Warhol and William S. Burroughs, with Janis Joplin reportedly causing a stir there on multiple occasions. After decades under the stewardship of Manny Ramirez and his family, the restaurant was sold to Chelsea Hotels and subsequently closed for renovations. It was rejuvenated and reopened in 2022, maintaining its authentic Spanish ambiance. This iconic establishment has not only survived but thrived, continuing to offer a slice of Spanish culture in the heart of Manhattan.

1930: On December 11, the Bank of United States, the fourth-largest bank in New York City at the time, closed its doors permanently following a bank run. This event was triggered by failed merger negotiations with another financial institution, which caused panic among depositors, leading them to rush to withdraw their funds en masse. The closure of the Bank of United States was a significant event during the economic panic, contributing to a third of the total deposits lost in November and December that year. As a result of the closure, there was a widespread ripple effect, prompting depositors at other banks to withdraw their funds, fearing similar collapses.

The aftermath of the Bank of United States’ failure marked a crucial point in the early stages of what would become the Great Depression. The Panic of 1930, part of a larger series of financial crises that led to severe economic contraction, was exacerbated by the Federal Reserve Board's failure to implement an expansionary monetary policy. This inaction contributed significantly to a decline in the money supply and economic growth across the United States. The bank’s closure, and the subsequent banking panics, underscored the vulnerabilities within the U.S. banking system and highlighted the need for more robust regulatory frameworks to manage banking operations and prevent such crises in the future.

1931: Founded as the Bronx campus of Hunter College, Lehman College became an independent institution within the City University of New York (CUNY) system on July 1, 1968. Named after Herbert H. Lehman, a former New York governor and United States senator, the college originally served as a national training ground for women in the military during World War II. Post-war, the campus briefly hosted the nascent United Nations in 1946, where the first American meetings of the Security Council were held. The college transitioned from a female-only undergraduate path into a coeducational institution offering a broad range of more than 90 undergraduate and graduate degree programs and specializations.

Significant events in the history of Lehman College include the use of its facilities by the United States Navy during World War II to train 95,000 women volunteers for military service. The Navy vacated the campus in 1946, after which the United Nations held its first Security Council sessions there until August of the same year. Lehman College marked its official separation from Hunter College in 1967, establishing itself as a senior college within CUNY the following year. The college has continued to evolve, contributing significantly to public education in New York and adapting to modern educational needs, including the shift to remote learning in March 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic and resuming in-person commencement ceremonies in May 2022 after a two-year hiatus.

1931: Floyd Bennett Field, located in the Marine Park neighborhood of southeast Brooklyn, New York City, officially opened to commercial flights on May 23. Named after the pioneering aviator Floyd Bennett, who first envisioned an airport on Barren Island, construction of the airfield began in 1928, with its dedication occurring on June 26, 1930. Originally designed to accommodate commercial and general aviation, the airport is situated along the shore of Jamaica Bay and was created by connecting Barren Island to the rest of Brooklyn with sand pumped from the bay’s bottom. Despite its high-quality facilities, Floyd Bennett Field did not attract significant commercial traffic and was primarily used for general aviation, where numerous aviation records were set during the interwar period.

Transitioning from commercial use, Floyd Bennett Field became part of Naval Air Station New York on June 2, 1941, serving as a critical hub for naval activities during World War II. After the war, it continued to operate as a Naval Air Reserve installation until the Navy ceased operations in 1970. The site was decommissioned as a Coast Guard Air Station Brooklyn in 1998. In 1972, it was integrated into the Gateway National Recreation Area and reopened as a park in 1974, managed by the National Park Service. The field’s historical significance is preserved in a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places, highlighting its importance in commercial, general, and military aviation. Today, while no longer serving as an operational airfield, Floyd Bennett Field hosts a section used as a helicopter base by the New York City Police Department and retains one runway for radio-controlled aircraft hobbyists.

1931: Construction of Rockefeller Center, a landmark American development in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, began with site excavation in April. This ambitious project was designed primarily by architects Raymond Hood, Henry Hofmeister, and H.W. Corbett, showcasing the Art Deco architectural style that came to define the era. The initial phase of construction kicked off in September, leading to the opening of the first buildings by 1933. The core of Rockefeller Center was completed by 1939, with the entire complex officially completed on November 2, 1939. This included the final three buildings constructed between 1936 and 1940, completing the original vision of the complex.

Among the complex's most notable features are Radio City Music Hall, which opened in 1932 as the world's largest indoor theater, and the International Building, centrally located and flanked by four smaller structures. Rockefeller Center is also celebrated for its rooftop gardens, providing green spaces within the urban environment. A significant tradition began during the Great Depression when workers pooled money to buy a 20-foot balsam fir, decorated with homemade garlands, marking the first Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree—an annual tradition that officially started in 1933 and has since become a treasured American holiday event.

1931: The Waldorf Astoria New York, an iconic luxury hotel and condominium residence, stands at 301 Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets in Midtown Manhattan. Designed by architects Schultze and Weaver, this Art Deco landmark was completed in 1931 and was the tallest hotel in the world until 1957. The hotel is known globally for its prestige and opulence and was historically owned by Conrad Hilton. The exterior and interior of the building are designated as official landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The Waldorf Astoria's storied history began with its original iteration built on Fifth Avenue in 1893, which was demolished in 1929 to make way for the Empire State Building.

Conrad Hilton acquired management rights to the new Waldorf Astoria on October 12, 1949, and Hilton Hotels Corporation purchased the building outright in 1972. The property underwent significant renovations in the 1980s and early 1990s, led by Lee Jablin. In 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group of China bought the Waldorf Astoria New York for a record US$1.95 billion, making it the most expensive hotel ever sold at that time. The hotel closed for extensive renovations in 2017, with plans to convert the upper stories into 375 condominiums while retaining 375 hotel rooms on the lower floors. The renovations have encountered delays, and the hotel's reopening is now anticipated to occur after 2025.

1931: The Empire State Building, a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper, officially opened on May 1, in the Midtown South neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Designed by the architectural firm Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, this iconic structure stands at a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and reaches 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall when including its antenna. The site, located on the west side of Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets, was previously occupied by the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel until it was acquired by Empire State Inc. in 1929. The building's construction commenced on March 17, 1930, and was completed in just over a year—a remarkable achievement at the time. Upon completion, it became the first building ever to exceed 100 stories, holding the title of the world's tallest building until 1970.

Throughout its history, the Empire State Building has been more than just an office building; it is a cultural landmark that attracts millions of tourists to its observation decks on the 86th and 102nd floors. An additional observatory opened in 2019 on the 80th floor, enhancing the visitor experience. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1980 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. It has been featured in over 250 films and was named America's favorite piece of architecture by the American Institute of Architects in 2007. Despite the Great Depression impacting its initial profitability, the Empire State Building became profitable in the early 1950s and has since remained a key part of New York City’s skyline and a symbol of American architectural ingenuity.

1931: The Fulton Street station on the BMT Nassau Street Line in New York City was officially opened on May 29. This station features a unique split platform configuration with two tracks, where downtown trains are served on the upper level and uptown trains on the lower level. It is strategically located underneath Nassau Street, stretching between John Street to the south and Ann Street to the north. The station serves the J train at all times and the Z train during rush hours in the peak direction, sitting between Chambers Street to the north and Broad Street to the south. The decision to construct the station on two levels was necessitated by the narrowness of Nassau Street, which is only 40 feet wide at this point, to avoid interfering with the foundations of adjacent buildings.

Over the years, Fulton Street station has emerged as one of the busiest in the New York City Subway system. Historical data indicate that it recorded 19.502 million entries in 1963, which later declined to 15.805 million in 1973. By 2011, it was ranked as the 11th busiest station in the system, with an average of 63,203 riders entering the station every weekday. More recently, in 2019, the station saw 27,715,365 boardings, making it the fifth most-used station in the 423-station network, averaging 94,607 passengers per weekday. The station's design and strategic location have played crucial roles in accommodating the high volume of daily commuters, thereby sustaining its significance in the city's public transportation network.

1931: The Whitney Museum of American Art, informally known as "The Whitney," is a prominent institution located in the Meatpacking District and West Village neighborhoods of Manhattan, New York City. Founded by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, a notable American socialite and art patron, in 1930, the museum opened its doors the following year. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney was instrumental in promoting American artists and had previously operated the Whitney Studio and Whitney Studio Club in New York to showcase avant-garde and unrecognized American artists. After her offer to donate her substantial collection of American art to the Metropolitan Museum of Art was declined in 1929, she established her own museum dedicated exclusively to American art. The Whitney has been a significant cultural landmark since then, known for its extensive collection that includes over 25,000 works encompassing paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, photographs, and films.

The museum has undergone several relocations to accommodate its growing collection and to better serve the public. Initially housed on West 8th Street in Greenwich Village, the museum moved to a Marcel Breuer-designed building on Madison Avenue in 1966, where it remained until 2014. In 2015, the Whitney moved to its current location at 99 Gansevoort Street, a building designed by Renzo Piano, which offers 50,000 square feet of exhibition space. This move has allowed the Whitney to expand its role in the art community, particularly through events like the Whitney Biennial, the United States' longest-running survey of contemporary American art. The museum continues to champion the work of living artists and maintains a commitment to supporting innovation in American art through its programs and collections.

1931: The El Dorado opens, a distinguished cooperative apartment building located at 300 Central Park West in Manhattan, New York City. Designed in the Art Deco style by the architect of record Margon & Holder with consulting architect Emery Roth, the El Dorado features twin 12-story towers rising from a 17-story base. This architectural landmark is part of the Central Park West Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and has been designated a New York City landmark. Originally, the El Dorado contained 200 apartments, which encompassed 1,500 rooms. Over time, some of these apartments have been split or combined, adapting to the changing needs of its residents.

The history of the El Dorado reflects significant shifts in ownership and management, marking its journey through the decades. Initially developed by Louis Klosk, the project faced financial challenges following the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The building was subsequently acquired at a foreclosure auction by the Central Park Plaza Corporation. Over the years, ownership transferred to the Pick Hotels Corporation in 1943, and later to Hugh K. McGovern in January 1953. By May 1953, the building was purchased by pastor Charles M. "Daddy" Grace, and following his death, it was sold in 1960 to Alexander Gross. In July 1982, the El Dorado transitioned into a housing cooperative, and since then, several upgrades have been made to the building, amidst disagreements among tenants regarding the scope and nature of these renovations.

1931: The former Seamen’s House YMCA opens, an Art Deco masonry building located at 435 East 52nd Street in Manhattan, New York City. Designed by the architectural firm Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, the building originally served the welfare of seafarers with facilities including sleeping rooms, dining services, and recreational spaces. Notably, it featured a pier for docking yachts, though this was lost with the construction of the FDR Drive. Over the years, the building has transitioned through various phases of use; by the late 1960s, it was sold to the State of New York and repurposed several times, most recently serving as the Bayview Correctional Facility for women. This facility was vacated in October 2012 following Superstorm Sandy.

In 2014, the State of New York issued a Request for Proposals to repurpose the building, aiming to reintegrate it into the community. The selected developer, NoVo Foundation/The Goren Group, proposed "The Women’s Building" project, intending to transform the space into a community center focusing on the advancement of women and girls. This project plans to include office spaces, a restaurant/café, and extensive community facility areas such as a health clinic and childcare facility. Architecturally, the proposal includes maintaining the eight-story West Section and replacing the six-story East Section with a new 16-story building. As of the latest updates, this redevelopment seeks to preserve the historical essence while providing substantial community benefits.

1931: The DeForest Radio Corporation made significant strides in the evolution of broadcast media by airing the first film on television. This historic broadcast featured a 20-minute excerpt from the silent film "The Queen of Sheba," which was transmitted from the company’s studio in Passaic, New Jersey, to a select group of experimental television sets in the New York City area. This event marked a pivotal moment in the development of television technology, showcasing the potential for television to become a mass medium. Allen B. DuMont, the chief engineer at DeForest Radio Corporation during this period, later leveraged his experience to establish the DuMont Television Network in 1946, further solidifying Passaic's role in the birth of television broadcasting.

The DuMont Television Network, also founded by Allen B. DuMont, emerged as the world’s first commercial television network to be based in a suburban area, with its initial studio also located in Passaic. Starting operations in 1946, the network quickly became a significant force in the nascent television industry, producing popular shows such as "The Morey Amsterdam Show" and "The Cavalcade of Stars," which notably featured comedian Jackie Gleason. The success of these programs and the network's innovative early broadcasts played a critical role in establishing television as a central medium in American entertainment and information. Passaic’s historical contribution to television technology and broadcasting is recognized today as having laid foundational work for the modern television industry.

1931: Herman Ridder Junior High School, also known as Public School 98, officially opened its doors on September 8. Located in the Morrisania section of the Bronx, New York, the school was designed by Walter C. Martin, the Superintendent of School Building. This educational institution is named after Herman Ridder, a prominent newspaper publisher and editor, and is recognized for its distinctive Art Deco architecture, which was groundbreaking at the time of construction, initiated in 1929. The building was designated as a New York City Landmark on December 11, 1990, celebrating its architectural significance and historical importance.

The school structure is noted for its innovative use of Art Deco design elements, typical of the early 20th-century modernistic architectural style. It features two classroom wings that meet at an acute angle, utilizing the difficult site at the corner of Boston Road and 173rd Street efficiently. The façades are adorned with graphic, low-relief designs and are characterized by alternating piers and ribs that end in zigzag cresting at the cornice-less roofline. Notable among its architectural details are the terracotta panels and polychrome brickwork that enhance the building’s visual appeal. Over the years, Herman Ridder Junior High School has also become notable for its distinguished alumni, including actor Al Pacino, jazz saxophonist Stan Getz, actor Hal Linden, KISS frontman Paul Stanley, and international opera singer Regina Resnik, further cementing its place in the cultural fabric of New York City.

1931: River House, a co-op apartment building situated at 435 East 52nd Street in the Sutton Place neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was constructed on the former site of a cigar factory. Designed by William Lawrence Bottomley in the Art Deco style, the building originally included amenities such as a private pier for yachts, which was later removed due to the construction of the FDR Drive. The 26-story structure initially featured 78 large apartments, each with 12 rooms, 6 baths, and two fireplaces, set around a gated cobblestone courtyard with a fountain. The building was designed for cooperative ownership, a relatively novel concept at the time, aimed at providing a luxurious residential experience.

The history of River House reflects the economic challenges and societal changes over the decades. During the Great Depression, the residents faced financial difficulties, leading to a court ruling in 1941 that allowed the property to be sold under foreclosure. In 1948, Tishman Realty & Construction acquired the building, proposing to divide the existing units into 170 smaller apartments, a plan that was met with resistance from tenants. Over the years, the co-op board at River House gained notoriety for its stringent financial requirements and privacy concerns, famously rejecting several high-profile applicants including Gloria Vanderbilt in 1980 and others like Richard Nixon and Joan Crawford. The board's decisions often drew significant media attention, reflecting the building's status as one of Manhattan's most exclusive addresses.

1931: The landscape of organized crime in New York City was permanently altered following the conclusion of the Castellammarese War, a brutal power struggle between rival Mafia factions. In the aftermath, Salvatore Maranzano reorganized the Italian American gangs into what would become known as the Five Families: the Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino, Genovese, and Lucchese families. Each family was assigned a specific territory and operated under a hierarchical structure. Maranzano, initially declaring himself the capo dei capi ("boss of all bosses"), held a significant meeting to solidify this new structure. However, his reign was short-lived; he was assassinated on September 10, in his office at 230 Park Avenue by gunmen disguised as government agents, an act orchestrated by Charles "Lucky" Luciano who perceived Maranzano's leadership as a direct threat.

Following Maranzano's death, Charles "Lucky" Luciano established the Commission, abolishing the capo dei capi title to prevent the concentration of power and the internal conflict it generated. The Commission, composed of the bosses of the Five Families along with the leaders of the Chicago Outfit and the Buffalo crime family, was intended to oversee all Mafia activities across the United States and to mediate conflicts between the families. This governing body marked a significant evolution in the organizational structure of the Mafia, aiming to stabilize relations and streamline operations within the criminal underworld. The Commission's creation underscored a strategic shift towards a more cooperative and systematic approach to organized crime, setting a new precedent for the conduct of Mafia activities nationally.

1931: In September, a remarkable event occurred at the Empire State Building when a privately-owned dirigible, piloted by Lieutenant William McCraken, docked at the building's mooring mast. The blimp was secured to the mast, located 1,200 feet above ground, for just three minutes amid 40-mile-per-hour winds. This daring maneuver was not only a test of pilot skill but also a demonstration of the building's original intent as a docking station for airships. The event captivated New Yorkers, halting traffic for more than 30 minutes as spectators watched the spectacle unfold. A photograph of this momentous occasion was captured and distributed by International News Photos, further immortalizing the event.

The Empire State Building's mooring mast was originally designed to serve as a landing spot for dirigibles, a novel concept meant to link air travel with the heart of Manhattan. Passengers would disembark from the dirigible onto a gangplank, proceeding into a private elevator that descended directly to street level. However, the practicality of such operations was quickly called into question by airship companies, citing the risky nature and logistical challenges of navigating and docking at such a height, especially given the unpredictable winds. Consequently, this ambitious plan was deemed impractical and was never fully implemented beyond a few experimental attempts, including the brief docking.

1931: On September 17, RCA Victor introduced the first long-playing (LP) record, spinning at 33 1/3 rpm, during a demonstration at the Savoy Plaza Hotel in New York City. The record, a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc, was capable of playing approximately 10 minutes per side. Marketed as "Program-Transcription" discs, these records were a technical innovation aimed at improving the length of play over the then-standard 78 rpm records. Despite the advancement, the launch did not succeed commercially due to several factors including the high price of compatible record players, approximately $95—a hefty sum at the time, translating to about $1,140 today. Additionally, the Great Depression exacerbated the lack of consumer interest and the absence of affordable playback equipment contributed to the failure of this venture.

The concept of the LP was eventually revitalized by Columbia Records on June 18, 1948, with the introduction of a significantly improved version at an event in New York's Waldorf Astoria. This revival saw the 33 1/3 rpm format finally gaining popularity, setting a new standard for audio recording length and quality. Despite RCA's initial resistance to adopting Columbia's technology—leading to the creation of the 45 rpm format in 1949 which was primarily aimed at the singles market—the enduring appeal and practicality of Columbia's LP format prevailed. RCA, having lost significant market share, was compelled to adopt the LP format, which allowed for up to 22 minutes of music per side, vastly surpassing the capacity of their 45 rpm records. This format eventually dominated the market, illustrating a significant shift in recording technology and consumer preference in mid-20th century America.

1931: The George Washington Bridge, an engineering marvel, first opened to pedestrian traffic on October 24, and to vehicular traffic the following day, October 25. This landmark bridge, connecting Washington Heights in Manhattan, New York, to Fort Lee, New Jersey, across the Hudson River, was at its inauguration the longest suspension bridge in the world. The opening ceremonies included a ribbon-cutting event where Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York and Governor Morgan Foster Larson of New Jersey symbolically parted ribbons at the center of the bridge, marking the boundary between the two states. Notable firsts included two schoolboys who roller-skated across the bridge from Manhattan and a woman from New Jersey who pushed her baby carriage into Manhattan.

Over the years, the bridge's capacity expanded significantly to accommodate growing traffic demands. Originally built with a six-lane roadway, the bridge saw the addition of two center lanes in 1946 and later transformed into a double-decker bridge with a total of 14 lanes by 1962. These expansions were necessitated by the bridge's increasing popularity, making it one of the busiest bridges in the world. The lower roadway, completed in 1962, contributed to this capacity increase, underscoring the bridge's vital role in regional transportation and its ongoing impact on the development and connectivity of the New York metropolitan area.

1931: On October 30, NBC initiated the installation of a television transmitter atop the Empire State Building, which had been completed earlier in May of the same year. This marked a significant step in the advancement of broadcasting technology. The first experimental TV broadcast from this new setup was conducted on December 22, showcasing NBC's commitment to exploring and expanding the possibilities of television. The Empire State Building's unique position in Manhattan made it an ideal location for such pioneering telecommunications efforts.

NBC's efforts at the Empire State Building were part of a broader series of developments in early television history. RCA, NBC's parent company, had begun experimental television transmissions as early as 1928. These early efforts included broadcasts of simple images such as the famous Felix the Cat figure, which was transmitted from different locations in New York City. NBC had consolidated these experimental transmissions at the Empire State Building, operating under newly issued construction permits for television broadcasting by the Federal Radio Commission. The call signs W2XF and W2XK were designated for visual and sound channels respectively, with broadcasts emanating from the 85th floor of this iconic building. This period was crucial in laying the groundwork for the establishment of television as a major medium for mass communication.

1931: On December 25, the Metropolitan Opera initiated its long-standing tradition of live radio broadcasts, starting with Engelbert Humperdinck's opera "Hänsel und Gretel." This historic broadcast, aired on the NBC network, marked the first nationwide transmission of an opera performance in the United States, setting a precedent for classical music broadcasting. The series was designed to expand the Met's audience reach and secure additional financial support during the economic hardships of the Great Depression. These broadcasts became instrumental in maintaining the opera company's financial stability, as demonstrated by the launch of the Met's first radio fund drive on February 25, 1933, which successfully attracted donations to help the company weather financial difficulties.

The impact of these broadcasts on American culture and classical music has been profound, with the series becoming the longest-running classical music series in American broadcast history. Throughout the decades, several prominent announcers have become associated with the Met's radio series. Milton Cross, the first announcer, hosted an impressive 851 performances over 43 seasons, and was succeeded by Peter Allen, who served as announcer for 29 years. The broadcasts have not only brought opera to a vast audience but have also been a stage for sensational debuts, such as that of Kirsten Flagstad who made her U.S. debut on February 2, 1935, in a broadcast of Wagner’s "Die Walküre." Over the years, the Met's radio broadcasts have been honored with nine Peabody Awards, underscoring their significance in the realm of radio and classical music.

1932: The IND Eighth Avenue Line, New York City's first municipally-owned subway, officially opened. The line was a major development in the city's transportation network, extending from 207th Street in Inwood down through Manhattan and into Brooklyn, ending south of High Street in Brooklyn Heights. This initial segment of the Independent Subway System (IND), referred to as the Eighth Avenue Line, marked a significant expansion of New York City's subway infrastructure, utilizing a predominantly four-track layout to facilitate both local and express services. The construction utilized cut-and-cover methods and included flying junctions with several other IND lines, such as the Concourse, Sixth Avenue, and Queens Boulevard Lines, enhancing the system's connectivity and efficiency.

The entire line was designed with a focus on high capacity and rapid transit, featuring local and express services, with the express tracks continuing at both northern and southern extremities of the line. Service began with the A train, providing express service, while the C train offered local service below 168th Street. Over the years, other services such as the B, D, and E trains were added to address varying demand and routing needs through Midtown Manhattan. The design of the stations and the infrastructure reflects the utilitarian and forward-thinking approach of the city's transit development during this era, aiming to address the growing demands of an increasing population and the expanding geographical footprint of the city.

1932: The West Fourth Street–Washington Square station, part of New York City’s subway system, serves as an express station and transfer hub for the IND Sixth Avenue and IND Eighth Avenue Lines. It is located at the intersection of West Fourth Street and Sixth Avenue in Manhattan's Greenwich Village. The station was constructed as part of the Independent Subway System, New York City’s municipally owned subway. The upper level of the station, serving the Eighth Avenue Line, opened first on September 10. This inaugural section was part of the original IND subway line launch, designed to provide comprehensive transit service from downtown Manhattan to the Inwood neighborhood. The lower level, which serves the Sixth Avenue Line, opened several years later on December 15, 1940, further enhancing transit connectivity through Manhattan.

This station is designed with four island platforms and eight tracks, split across two levels—both of which are interconnected by a mezzanine that allows for easy transfers between the lines. The station is accessible, with elevators installed to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act, and it features amenities like escalators to facilitate passenger movement between different levels. West Fourth Street station is not only a critical part of New York City’s subway infrastructure but also listed on the National Register of Historic Places, recognizing its historical and architectural significance. The station continues to be a vital node in the city’s transit system, serving multiple subway lines and providing access to a vibrant residential and commercial area.

1932: The photograph known as "Lunch atop a Skyscraper" was captured on September 20, during the construction of the RCA Building, now known as the GE Building, at Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, New York City. The image features eleven construction workers taking a lunch break while seated on a steel beam, dangling high above the city landscape. This photograph, initially titled "Builders of The City Enjoy Luncheon," quickly became iconic, symbolizing the resilience and bravery of American workers during the Great Depression. Though commonly misattributed to Lewis Hine, evidence suggests that Charles C. Ebbets was likely the photographer responsible for this enduring image. The photograph was first published on October 2, 1932, in the New York Herald-Tribune, captivating audiences with its portrayal of everyday heroism.

The authenticity and location of the photograph were subjects of much debate and myth over the years, with some mistaking the site for the Empire State Building. However, it was conclusively identified as being taken at the 69th floor of the Rockefeller Center's RCA Building. The photograph not only highlights the fearlessness of the workers but also underscores the significant contributions of immigrants, including many Irish workers, to New York City’s architectural and cultural heritage. This image remains a powerful symbol of the daring feats involved in skyscraper construction and the American spirit during one of the nation's most challenging economic periods.

1932: The World Series, marking the 29th edition of Major League Baseball's championship series, featured the American League champion New York Yankees against the National League champions Chicago Cubs. The series concluded with the Yankees sweeping the Cubs in four games, capturing their fourth World Series title. This victory was significant as it included the famous "called shot" by Babe Ruth during Game 3 at Wrigley Field, where he allegedly predicted his home run, a moment that has since become one of the most iconic in baseball history. The series was held in October, a season in which the Yankees dominated the American League by winning 107 games, finishing 13 games ahead of the second-place Philadelphia Athletics.

Notably, the World Series set a record with 13 future Hall of Famers participating, including players and managers. Among them were Yankees manager Joe McCarthy and Cubs manager Rogers Hornsby, as well as players like Lou Gehrig and Tony Lazzeri, who notably hit a natural cycle during the series. This World Series was also the first to feature teams wearing uniforms with numbered backs, a practice that has continued in baseball to this day. The series not only highlighted Ruth's theatrical home run but also underscored the intense rivalry and competitive spirit between the Yankees and Cubs, setting a precedent for many memorable World Series to come.

1932: Radio City Music Hall, an iconic entertainment venue located at 1260 Avenue of the Americas in Rockefeller Center, Manhattan, opened its doors on December 27. Designed by Edward Durell Stone and Donald Deskey in the Art Deco style, it was originally envisioned as part of a larger complex that included what was supposed to be a new home for the Metropolitan Opera. However, the opera house plans were abandoned in 1929, and the site was developed into what would become Rockefeller Center. Radio City Music Hall, also known as "The Showplace of the Nation," quickly became famous for its large auditorium, which was the world’s largest at the time, and its elaborate stage shows. The venue has a seating capacity of 5,960 and has been a critical part of New York City's cultural scene, hosting a myriad of events including concerts, stage shows, and significant televised events like the Grammy and Tony Awards.

The development of Radio City Music Hall was a part of the larger construction project of Rockefeller Center, which took place from 1932 to 1940. The theater initially served as a lavish movie palace, combining films and stage spectacles, a format it maintained through the 1970s. Despite struggles with declining attendance in the 1970s, Radio City was designated a New York City Landmark in May 1978 and underwent significant restorations in 1999. It has since continued to host high-profile events such as the MTV Video Music Awards and the Radio City Christmas Spectacular, remaining an essential venue for public gatherings and entertainment in New York City.